Tuvalu

Tuvalu suggests, firstly, that appropriate definitions of deforestation  and degradation need to be developed that minimise potential perverse  outcomes. More recently, Tuvalu supports the inclusion of, inter alia,  conservation, sustainable forest management and enhancement of carbon  stocks as part of a nationally appropriate REDD+ mechanism.

Establishing emissions reductions against baselines has a number of  inherent problems. It may be difficult to determine whether an area had  been intended for logging or forest destruction or not and consideration  would need to be given to whether baselines are based on gross or net  emissions. Establishing ex-post assessment of these baselines may partially  help to resolve some of these concerns.

Tuvalu highlights three market approaches for REDD+, but demonstrates  that there are inherent complications with these approaches which need  to be properly addressed before decisions can be made to adopt these  mechanisms. These include the risk of leakage with project-level baselines,  flooding of carbon markets, and measurement difficulties. Tuvalu suggest as  possible solutions to these issues: the use of a national baseline for leakage,  dual markets, increased Annex I targets, or discounted REDD+ credits  to avoid market devaluation, and wide availability of remote sensing and  ground sensing methodologies in developing countries to allow consistent  measuring. Tuvalu also proposes that non-market sources of funding should  also be explored and could be used to support capacity building and early  action on REDD+.